The significance of the doorman as the person allowing (or barring) entry is found in a number of Mesopotamian myths (and later in Greek myths descended from them), including that of Nergal overcoming the seven doormen guarding the gates to the Underworld. Historical references also suggest that the 'doorman' function of guarding a place and selecting who can have entry to it (the stereotypical task of the modern bouncer) could at times be an honorific and evolve into a relatively important position. However, the earlier history of the occupation suggests that the stereotype of bouncers as rough, tough, physical enforcers has indeed been the case in many countries and cultures throughout history. In the 1990s and 2000s, increased awareness of the risks of lawsuits and criminal charges have led many bars and venues to train their bouncers to use communication and conflict resolution skills before, or rather than, resorting to brute force against troublemakers. The "cooler" is expected to have the same ability to respond to physical situations as the rest of the bouncers, but should also have reliable interpersonal skills that can be used to de-escalate situations without violence. In the UK, the terms "floor man" or "floor person" may be used for the bouncer role. In US bars, "cooler" is often the term for the head bouncer. Other terms include "cooler" in the US and "door supervisor" in the UK. In many countries, federal or state governments have taken steps to professionalise the industry by requiring bouncers to have training, licensing, and a criminal records background check. In the United States, civil liability and court costs related to the use of force by bouncers are "the highest preventable loss found within the industry", as many United States bouncers are often taken to court and other countries have similar problems of excessive force. Some establishments may also assign a bouncer to be responsible for cover charge collections. At some clubs, bouncers are also responsible for " face control", choosing who is allowed to patronize the establishment. Bouncers are often required where crowd size, clientele or alcohol consumption may make arguments or fights a possibility, or where the threat or presence of criminal gang activity or violence is high. They are civilians and they are often hired directly by the venue, rather than by a security firm. A bouncer's duties are to provide security, to check legal age and drinking age, to refuse entry for intoxicated persons, and to deal with aggressive behavior or disobedience with statutory or establishment rules. A bouncer (also known as a doorman or door supervisor) is a type of security guard, employed at venues such as bars, nightclubs, cabaret clubs, stripclubs, casinos, hotels, billiard halls, restaurants, sporting events, schools, concerts, balls or movie theaters.
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